1st Edition
The Ideational Approach to Populism Concept, Theory, and Analysis
Populism is on the rise in Europe and the Americas. Scholars increasingly understand populist forces in terms of their ideas or discourse, one that envisions a cosmic struggle between the will of the common people and a conspiring elite. In this volume, we advance populism scholarship by proposing a causal theory and methodological guidelines – a research program – based on this ideational approach. This program argues that populism exists as a set of widespread attitudes among ordinary citizens, and that these attitudes lie dormant until activated by weak democratic governance and policy failure. It offers methodological guidelines for scholars seeking to measure populist ideas and test their effects. And, to ground the program empirically, it tests this theory at multiple levels of analysis using original data on populist discourse across European and US party systems; case studies of populist forces in Europe, Latin America, and the US; survey data from Europe and Latin America; and experiments in Chile, the US, and the UK. The result is a truly systematic, comparative approach that helps answer questions about the causes and effects of populism.
Introduction: the ideational approach
Kirk A. Hawkins, Brigham Young University
Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Diego Portales University
Part I - MEASURING POPULIST IDEAS
Chapter 1 - Textual analysis: big data approaches
Kirk A. Hawkins, Brigham Young University
Bruno Castanho Silva, University of Cologne
Chapter 2 - Textual analysis: the UK party system
Luke March, University of Edinburgh
Chapter 3 - Textual analysis: an inclusive approach in Croatia
Marijana Grbeša, University of Zagreb
Berto Šalaj, University of Zagreb
Chapter 4 - Expert surveys
Nina Wiesehomeier, IE University
Chapter 5 - Elite surveys
Ioannis Andreadis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Saskia P. Ruth, German Institute of Global and Area Studies
Chapter 6 - Public opinion surveys: evaluating existing measures
Steven M. Van Hauwaert, University of Mainz
Christian H. Schimpf, University of Mannheim
Flavio Azevedo, Cologne University
Chapter 7 - Public opinion surveys: a new measure
Bruno Castanho Silva, University of Cologne
Ioannis Andreadis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Eva Anduiza, Autonomous University of Barcelona
Nebojša Blanuša, University of Zagreb
Yazmin Morlet Corti, National Autonomous University of Mexico
Gisela Delfino, Argentine Catholic University and National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina
Guillem Rico, Autonomous University of Barcelona
Saskia P. Ruth, University of Zurich, NCCR Democracy
Bram Spruyt, Free University of Brussels
Marco Steenbergen, University of Zurich
Levente Littvay, European Consortium for Political Research
Part II - TESTING THE IDEATIONAL THEORY
Chapter 8 - Populist mobilization across time and space
Hans-Georg Betz, University of Zurich
Chapter 9 - Populist success in Latin America and Western Europe: ideational and party-system-centered rxplanations
Simon Bornschier, University of Zurich
Chapter 10 - Populist voting in Chile, Greece, Spain, and Bolivia
Ioannis Andreadis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Kirk A. Hawkins, Brigham Young University
Ivan Llamazares, University of Salamanca
Matthew M. Singer, University of Connecticut
Chapter 11 - Populist success: a qualitative comparative analysis
Bruno Castanho Silva, University of Cologne
Chapter 12 - Populism in Spain: the role of ideational change in Podemos
Margarita Gómez-Reino, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Iván Llamazares Valduvieco, University of Salamanca
Chapter 13 - Populism in Venezuela: the role of the opposition
Sahar Abi-Hassan, Boston University
Chapter 14 - Populism in Belgium: the mobilization of the body anti-politic
Koen Abts, Institute of Social and Political Opinion Research
Thierry Kochuyt, Nottingham Trent Univeristy
Stijn van Kessel, Queen Mary University of London
Chapter 15 - Populism in the US: the evolution of the Trump constituency
Wendy Rahn, University of Minnesota
Chapter 16 - Activating populist attitudes: the role of corruption
Ethan C. Busby, Northwestern University
David Doyle, University of Oxford
Kirk A. Hawkins, Brigham Young University
Nina Wiesehomeier, IE University
Chapter 17 - Populist voters: the role of authoritarianism and ideology
Rosario Aguilar, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE).
Ryan E. Carlin, Georgia State University
Conclusion
Ryan E. Carlin, Georgia State University
Kirk A. Hawkins, Brigham Young University
Levente Littvay, European Consortium for Political Research
Jennifer McCoy, Georgia State University
Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Diego Portales University
Biography
Kirk A. Hawkins, Brigham Young University, USA.
Ryan E. Carlin, Georgia State University, USA.
Levente Littvay, Central European University, Hungary.
Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile.
"This pioneering volume is the first collection of empirical, mostly comparative, studies of populism at the elite and mass level, which is truly grounded in the increasingly dominant ideational approach. It should be required reading for both the few old and the many new scholars of populism." Cas Mudde, Stanley Wade Shelton UGAF Professor, University of Georgia, USA
"This volume is sure to be a landmark in the comparative study of populism. It brings together a team of scholars who share an ideational approach to the study of populism, and it demonstrates how this approach lends itself to a wide range of methodological tools – both quantitative and qualitative – to empirically analyze populist ideas in elite political discourse and mass beliefs. In so doing, it brings much-needed analytical coherence to a field of study where scholars too often disagree on fundamental concepts and speak past one another." Kenneth M. Roberts, Richard J. Schwartz Professor, Cornell University, USA
"The Ideational Approach to Populism is a timely and compelling book that takes seriously the ideology and appeals of populist movements. Its rigorous and compelling analyses of populism range from Latin American party manifestoes, to episodes of historical populist mobilization in Europe, to experimental evidence regarding the role of corruption as a catalyst for populist support. The result is a rich and multi-faceted volume that is a must-read for scholars of populism – and for others intrigued by the phenomenon." Anna Grzymala-Busse, Michelle and Kevin Douglass Professor, Political Science, Stanford, USA