An Introduction to Compressible Flow

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background information on gases 1.1.1 Air composition and air molecules 1.1.2 Temperature and gases 1.1.3 Pressure and gases 1.2 Control volume analysis and fundamental concepts 1.2.1 Basic laws for a system 1.2.2 Conservation of mass 1.2.3 Newton’s second law 1.2.4 Energy equation 1.2.5 Development of a generalized control volume equation 1.2.6 Conservation of mass for a control volume 1.2.7 Newton’s second law for a control volume 1.2.8 Conservation of energy for a control volume 1.2.9 The second law of thermodynamics for a control volume 1.3 Review of thermodynamics and the ideal gas model 1.3.1 The ideal gas law 1.3.2 Specific heats 1.3.3 Tds equations 1.4 References 1.5 Solved problems 1.6 Chapter 1 problems Chapter 2 Isentropic flow 2.1 Stagnation and static conditions 2.2 The speed of sound in a gas and compressible media 2.3 One-dimensional isentropic Mach number relationships 2.4 Converging nozzles 2.5 Flow in varying area ducts 2.6 Converging-diverging nozzles 2.7 References 2.8 Chapter 2 problems Chapter 3 Normal shock waves 3.1 Subsonic and supersonic flow 3.2 Normal shock wave equations 3.3 Moving shock waves and shock reflections 3.4 A brief introduction to shock tubes 3.5 References 3.6 Chapter 3 problems Chapter 4 Oblique shock waves 4.1 Oblique shock wave equations 4.1.1 Analysis of an oblique shock wave 4.2 Supersonic flow over an abrupt wedge 4.3 Supersonic inlet, exits, and airfoils 4.3.1 Oblique shocks on airfoils 4.4 Oblique shock reflections 4.5 Conical shock waves 4.6 References 4.7 Chapter 4 problems Chapter 5 An introduction to Prandtl-Meyer flow 5.1 Prandtl-Meyer expansion fans 5.2 Prandtl-Meyer flow equations 5.3 Prandtl-Meyer expansions 5.4 Prandtl-Meyer reflections 5.5 Maximum turning angle for Prandtl-Meyer flow 5.6 References 5.7 Chapter 5 problems Chapter 6 Applications 6.1 Supersonic wind tunnel startup 6.2 Oblique shock diffusers 6.3 Supersonic Airfoils 6.4 Overexpanded and underexpanded supersonic nozzles 6.5 References 6.6 Chapter 6 problems Chapter 7 Linearized flow 7.1 Introduction to linearized flow 7.2 Development of linearized pressure coefficient 7.3 Linearized flow over airfoils 7.4 Comparisons with the shock expansion method 7.5 References 7.6 Chapter 7 problems Chapter 8 Internal compressible flow with friction 8.1 Introduction to flow with friction 8.2 Analysis of Fanno-line and interpretation of flow behavior 8.3 Adiabatic flow with friction in a constant area duct 8.4 Application of adiabatic flow with friction in a constant area duct 8.5 Isothermal flow assumption 8.6 Flow with friction and area change 8.7 References 8.8 Chapter 8 problems Chapter 9 Internal compressible flow with heat addition 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Constant area frictionless flow with heat transfer 9.3 Rayleigh line analysis 9.4 Frictionless flow with heat transfer and area change 9.5 Constant area flow with heat transfer and friction 9.6 References 9.7 Chapter 9 problems Appendices: A1 Isentropic Mach Number Tables, k = 1.4 and k = 1.3 A2 Normal Shock Tables, k = 1.4 and k = 1.3 A3 Shock Tube Table, k = 1.4 and k = 1.3 A4 Oblique Shock Charts and Tables, k = 1.4 and k = 1.3 A5 Prandtl Meyer Flow Tables A6 Fanno-line flow Tables, k = 1.4 and k = 1.3 A7 Rayleigh-line flow Tables, k = 1.4 and k = 1.3 

Biography

Forrest Ames has been Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of North Dakota (UND) for the last 22 years. Dr. Ames began his career at Allison Gas Turbine Div. of General Motors where he worked in the research laboratories. Dr. Ames has conducted research in the area of gas turbine heat transfer and aerodynamics for over 35 years. At UND, Dr. Ames is responsible for teaching in the thermal fluids area of mechanical engineering and regularly teaches classes on compressible flow, aerodynamics, gas turbines, thermodynamics, computational fluid dynamics, convective heat transfer and fluid dynamics. Dr. Ames has been a member of the Heat Transfer Committee of the International Gas Turbine Institute for over 20 years. He has been a regular contributor to ASME Turbo Expo technical sessions as author, presenter, reviewer and session organizer in the areas of turbine aerodynamics and heat transfer. He is a Fellow of the ASME. Clement Tang is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of North Dakota (UND). He joined UND as a faculty member in 2011. Dr. Tang has research experience in the area of multiphase flow heat transfer and aerodynamics of thin flexible materials. He has been conducting experimental research in gas-liquid two-phase flow heat transfer for over 15 years. At UND, Dr. Tang has taught compressible flow, heat and mass transfer, heat conduction & radiation, HVAC, mechanical measurements, multiphase flow heat transfer, and thermodynamics.

"This book introduces the subject of compressible flow in a clear, logical manner, elegantly combining both the flow physics and the description of its mathematics. The book’s contents and style are ideal for an introductory class in compressible flow for mechanical and/or aerospace engineering students. It is also an excellent primer for practicing engineers working in the area of compressible flows. The authors should be commended for their efforts to address a critical gap in the compressible flow education arena."

Sumanta Acharya, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA

"This book is particularly attractive to those students who are interested in learning more about compressible flows beyond short and concise presentations in related courses. This book provides an effective means to obtain sufficient one-dimensional compressible flow knowledge without being intimidated by complicated/advanced textbooks."

Ting Wang, University of New Orleans, USA

"The treatment of shock waves is especially well done as the subject of two chapters: chapter 3, "Normal Shock Waves," and chapter 4, "Oblique Shock Waves." The treatment of nozzle design is another strength of the book: nozzles are frequently featured as examples, described and analyzed at various points throughout the text. This is a useful addition to the pedagogical materials available to mechanical engineering and aerospace faculty and their students. The book will serve either as a textbook or as supplemental reading for courses introducing compressible flow theory and related applications."

A. M. Strauss, Choice Reviews October 2022, USA