1st Edition
From Belief to Knowledge Achieving and Sustaining an Adaptive Culture in Organizations
Belief is not knowledge, but we tend to hold our beliefs as if they represent knowledge, selecting whatever evidence is required to justify them. And because humans tend to cling to their beliefs as truths, organizations often ignore the need for change, no matter how urgent that need.
From Belief to Knowledge: Achieving and Sustaining an Adaptive Culture in Organizations offers potential change agents an integrative analysis and treatment of the problem of organizational learning. It demonstrates the importance of looking beneath beliefs and assumptions to find the roots and persistent influences that preserve them. It gives us a much broader definition of organizational knowledge than that associated with information technology and the currently popular idea of knowledge as an asset. Furthermore, it provides an alternative view of culture and change, one that is defined by the ability to continually align collective beliefs with reality.
"Douglas and Wykowski…answer the question that lingers in the minds of many managers – What does organizational learning mean and how does it influence ongoing organizational success?"
– Lee Newick, Shell Downstream
Rather than offer simple recipes, this book shows how good leaders can evolve and sustain an adaptive culture that develops knowledge through purposeful human interaction. It explores key dynamics of learning, considers the diversity of beliefs present in any group, and demonstrates ways that those leaders can explore and encourage the potential of both the group and individuals within the group.
"Although this book is geared to organizational change, it has the potential to change all areas of human endeavor."
– David Julian Hodges, City University of New York
Chapter 1 Introduction
Belief, Knowledge and the Consequences of Human Endeavor
Organizations
Rationale and Structure of This Book
References
Section I Foundations
Chapter 2 What Does It Mean to Know?
Anticipatory Summary
What Does It Mean to Know?
The "Standard Analysis" of Knowledge
Belief
Truth
Justification
Challenges to the Standard Analysis
Skepticism
Relativism
The Gettier Problem
Naturalized Epistemology
References
Chapter 3 Reality and Knowing
Anticipatory Summary
Reality and Knowing
Multiple Realities
The Realities of Everyday Life An Ontology for Organizational Life
Physical or Natural Reality
Constructed Reality
Mathematical Reality
Objective and Subjective Realities
Knowledge Implications
References
Chapter 4 Epistemology: Theory of Knowledge
Anticipatory Summary
Epistemology: Theory of Knowledge
Theories of Knowledge
Dualism
Theories
References
Chapter 5 Exploring the Epistemic Terrain
Anticipatory Summary
Exploring the Epistemic Terrain
Integrating Realities and Theories
Natural or Physical Reality
Material Reality
Nonmaterial Reality
Conceptual Reality
Bridging or Reconciling Theories
Framing Section II
References
Section II Applications
Chapter 6 The Knowing Subject
Anticipatory Summary
The Knowing Subject
Psychological and External Realities
Cognition
Perception
Memory
Attribution
Emotion
The Role of Individuals in the Growth of Knowledge
Why Do We Not Know?
How Can We Come to Know More Fully?
References
Chapter 7 Collective Knowing
Anticipatory Summary
Collective Knowing
Bridging from Individuals to Groups
Individuals in Groups
Emergent Properties of Groups
The Quality of Discourse
Trivium
Dialogue
The Mechanics of Dialogue
The Role of Groups in the Growth of Knowledge
Why Do We Not Know as Groups or Collections of Individuals?
How Can We Come to Know More Fully Through the Work of Groups?
References
Chapter 8 Leaders
Anticipatory Summary
Leaders
Factors That Constrain the Growth of Knowledge
Factors That Facilitate the Growth of Knowledge
Leaders and the Growth of Knowledge
What Role Do Leaders Play in Not Knowing?
What Role Do Leaders Play in Knowing More Fully?
References
Chapter 9 Culture
Anticipatory Summary
Culture
The Meaning and Dimensions of Culture
The Dynamics of Culture
The Formation of Culture
The Perpetuation of Culture
Relevance of the Naturalistic Perspective
Culture and the Growth of Knowledge
How Does Culture Constrain the Growth of Knowledge?
How Does Culture Facilitate the Growth of Knowledge?
Culture Change versus a Culture of Change (Creating and Sustaining an Adaptive Culture)
References
Postscript
Reference
Index
Biography
Neil Douglas and Terry S. Wykowski are Principals of the Oxford Consulting Group in Houston Texas. The Group’s focus is to blend expertise in outcomes oriented management with psychology and organizational behavior.
From Belief to Knowledge is a timely contribution to a key debate within the organizational studies literature – what is the role of knowledge in change processes within modern and complex organizations? Whilst leaders proceed in their leadership of organizations in the belief that they have a body of knowledge that they draw upon as they lead, it is often the case that their knowledge is essentially a series of assumptions or beliefs and these determine the decisions they make and the actions they pursue.
... This book puts forward the proposition that how we form the beliefs we hold significantly influences what we believe and is the key process in shaping our personal anchors in knowledge that informs our action. This well written, thoughtful and thought provoking book will challenge leaders to consider the fundamental differences between belief and knowledge. It provides a novel contribution in its integrative analysis of the issue of learning and change in organizations. It offers leaders and scholars of change a considered opportunity to explore the transitions along the continuum from belief to knowledge that can lead to sustainable change.
-- Sue Dopson, PhD, Rhodes Trust Professor of Organisational Behaviour, Director of Research Degrees, Said Business School, University of OxfordOrganizational learning has been defined in various ways. Soe of these definitions and designs for implementation have been elegant; some of them have been simplistic, yet none seem to have had a lasting impact. Douglas and Wykowski in From Belief to Knowledge address organizational learning as an integrated system, where knowledge provides the linkage to adapt to changing environments all the while delivering improved performance. They answer the question that lingers in the minds of many managers – what does organizational learning mean and how does it influence ongoing organizational success? I expect this book to be highly influential.
-- Lee Newick, General Manager – Contracting and Procurement, Global Manufacturing/Shell DownstreamFrom Belief to Knowledge represents a paradigm shift in understanding knowledge and has added significantly to critical thinking. The book has the potential to shift thinking from firmly held assumptions and beliefs to real knowledge when the reader has the courage and motivation to confront their beliefs in the search for truth. Douglas and Wykowski challenge us to become conscious of our own beliefs and how we form them, which affect all our actions. Although this book is geared to organizational change, it has the potential to change all areas of human endeavor. My understanding of culture and culture change has been greatly enhanced by this thorough scholarship and practical application to knowledge.
-- David Julian Hodges, PhD, Professor of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New YorkIf you accept, as I do, that in a knowledge economy, the successful organizations are those that continuously invest in their knowledge producing capability, then this book provides valuable insights for thought and action. Uniquely, they make the case for the growth of knowledge as a defining characteristic of culture in contrast to the treatment of knowledge as one asset among many. Douglas and Wykowski drill down into theories of knowledge and, importantly, of knowing, to argue that multiple approaches to knowledge capability-building are required. They seek to translate these arguments into practice and then address what sort of leadership and human interaction are required.
-- Michael Earl, Emeritus Professor of Information Management, University of Oxford