1st Edition
Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructured Materials Fabrication, Properties, and Applications
Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructured Materials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications presents the latest fabrication, properties, and applications of hierarchical micro/nanostructured materials in two sections—powders and arrays.
After a general introduction to hierarchical micro/nanostructured materials, the first section begins with a detailed discussion of the methods of mass production for hierarchical micro/nanostructured powders, including structure-directed solvothermal routes, template-etching strategies, and electrospinning technologies. It then proceeds to address structurally enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic performances.
The second section describes strategies for the fabrication of hierarchical micro/nanostructured object arrays and their devices, such as modified colloidal lithographies-based solution and electrodeposition. It also examines the structure-dependent properties and performances of the micro/nanostructured arrays, including surface wettability, optical properties, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects, and gas-sensing performances.
In its cutting-edge coverage, Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructured Materials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications explores the use of hierarchical micro/nanostructured materials in environmental remediation and detection devices, commenting on future trends and applications in catalysis, integrated nanophotonics, optical devices, super-high density storage media, sensors, nanobiotechnology, SERS substrates, and more.
Series Statement
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
General Introduction
Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructured Powders
Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructured Arrays
References
Section I: Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructured Powders
Solvothermal Routes
Introduction
Novel Micro/Nanostructured ZnO
Micro/Nanostructured Porous ZnO Plates
Morphology and Structure
Influence of VEG/VDIW on Products
Formation of Nanoplates
Standing Porous Nanoplate-Built Hollow Spheres
Morphology and Structure
Morphological Evolution
Influence of Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate on Morphology
Formation of Porous Nanoplate-Built Honeycomb-Like ZnO Hollow Spheres
Nanoplate-Built Core/Shell-Structured ZnO Objects
Morphology and Structure
Morphology Evolution with Reaction Time
Influence Factors
Two-Step Sequential Growth Model
Micro/Nanostructured Porous Fe3O4 Nanofibers
Morphology and Structure
Influencing Factors
pH Value
Reaction Temperature
Content of PR in the Precursor Solution
Effect of C6H5O73-
Formation of Porous Oriented Magnetite Fibers
Formation of Ultrafine Fe3O4
Nanoparticles
PR-Directed/Magnetic Dipole-Induced Orientation Assembling
Existence and Removal of PR in the Fibers
Effects of Reaction Parameters
Tremella-Like Micro/Nanostructured Fe3S4/C Composites
Structure and Morphology
Influence of Glucose
Formation of Tremella-Like Fe3S4/C Composites
Brief Summary
References
Template-Etching Strategies
Introduction
Micro/Nanostructured Porous Silicate Hollow Spheres
Copper Silicate Micro/Nanostructured Hollow Spheres
Structure and Morphology
Formation Mechanism
Magnesium Silicate Micro/Nanostructured Hollow Spheres
Structure and Morphology
Formation of Magnesium Silicate Hollow Spheres
Nickel Silicate and Silica-Nickel Composite Hollow Spheres
Nickel Silicate Hollow Spheres
Silica Hollow Spheres
Silica-Nickel Composite Hollow Spheres
Hierarchical SiO2@γ-AlOOH Microspheres
Morphology and Structure
Formation of Hierarchical SiO2@γ-AlOOH Microspheres
Morphological Evolution with Reaction
Template-Induced Deposition Mechanism
Effect of Urea
Structure and Component Controllable Hollow Nanospheres: The Case of ZnO and Noble Metal Cluster-Embedded ZnO
Selective Etching Strategy for Hollow Nanospheres
Etching by Tartaric Acid
Etching by Weak Acids with Noble Metal Ions
Formation of ZnO Hollow Nanospheres
Noble Metal Doping in ZnO Nanoshells
Some Remarks on the Strategy
Brief Summary
References
Electrospinning and In Situ Conversion
Introduction
Polyacrylonitrile/Ferrous Chloride Composite Porous Nanofibers
Morphology and Structure
Existence of FeCl2 within Fibers
Extension of the Electrospinning Strategy: In Situ Conversion
Polyacrylonitrile/FeOOH Composite Nanofibers
Polyacrylonitrile/Mg(OH)2 Composite Nanofibers
Hierarchically Micro/Nanostructured PAN@γ-AlOOH Fibers
Electrospun Nanofiber-Templated Hydrothermal Route
Morphology and Structure
Influence Factors
Annealing Treatment
Effect of Reaction Duration
Effect of Hexamethylenetetramine Addition
Effect of Reaction Temperature
Formation of Micro/Nanostructured PAN@γ-AlOOH Fibers
Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Ag Porous Nanotube Films
Ag-Coated Nanofiber Template-Plasma Etching Strategy
Morphology and Structure of Ag Porous Nanotube Films
Structural Tunability of Ag Porous Nanotube Films
Formation of Nanopores on Tube Walls
Brief Summary
References
Structurally Enhanced Photocatalysis Properties
Introduction
ZnO-Based Micro/Nanoarchitectures
Nanoplate-Built Core-Shell-Structured ZnO Objects
Structural Dependence of Photocatalytic Activity
Durability of Photocatalytic Activity
Structure-Induced Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity and Durability
Noble Metal Cluster-Embedded ZnO Composite Hollow Spheres
Photocatalytic Activity
Photostability
Pt/ZnO Porous Shells
Ag Nanoparticle-Decorated Nanoporous ZnO Microrods
Photocatalytic Activity
Photostability
Interface-Induced Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity
Micro/Nanostructured α-Fe2O3 Porous Spheres
Photocatalytic Activity
Photostability
Structurally Induced Photocatalytic Enhancement
Micro/Nanostructured Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3
Morphology and Structure
Photocatalytic Activity
Brief Summary
References
Structurally Enhanced Adsorption Performances for Environment
Introduction
Micro/Nanostructured ZnO as Adsorbents
Adsorption of Cu(II) on Porous ZnO Nanoplates
Adsorption Measurements of Cu(II)
Structurally Enhanced Adsorption
Extension to Anion Adsorption
Standing Porous Nanoplate-Built ZnO Hollow Microspheres
Adsorptive Performance of Heavy Metal Ions
Structurally Enhanced Adsorption and its Electronegativity Dependence
Brief Remarks
Composite Porous Nanofibers for Removal of Cr(VI)
Cr-Removal Performance
High Cr-Removal Capacity
Influences of the pH Value and Fe(II) Content
PAN···Fe(II) Complexes-Induced Cr Adsorption
Hydrolyzation and Cr Adsorption
Initial pH Value and Fe Content Dependence
Micro/Nanostructured PAN@γ-AlOOH Fibers
Adsorption Isotherms of Cr(VI) Ions
Regeneration and Reusability of the PAN@γ-AlOOH Fibers
Structurally Enhanced and Protonation- Dependent Adsorption
Magnetic Micro/Nanostructured Materials as Adsorbents
Tremella-Like Fe3S4/C Magnetic Adsorbent
Adsorption Kinetics
Adsorption Isotherms
Regenerative Adsorption Performance
Enhanced Surface Carbon-Induced Adsorption and Desorption
Micro/Nanostructured Porous Fe3O4 Nanofibers as an Effective and Broad-Spectral Adsorbent
Highly Effective Removal of PCBs
Strong Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations and Anions
Recycling Performance
Micro/Nanostructured Porous Metal Silicate Hollow Spheres as Efficient Adsorbents
Magnesium Silicate Micro/Nanostructured Hollow Spheres
Copper Silicate Micro/Nanostructured Hollow Spheres
Nickel Silicate Micro/Nanostructured Hollow Spheres
Brief Summary
References
Section II: Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructured Arrays
Micro/Nanostructured Block-Built Arrays
Introduction
Zero-Dimensional Object-Built Arrays
Nanoparticle Array and Laser Morphological Manipulation
Morphology and Evolution
Laser-Induced Spheroidization
Nanoparticles on Microsized PS Sphere Arrays
Two Step-Replication to Prepare Zero-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials
One-Dimensional Nanoobject-Built Arrays
Self-Assembling 1D Nanostructures
1D Nanostructure by Pulsed Laser Deposition
1D Nanostructure by Magnetron Sputtering
Brief Summary
References
Micro/Nanostructured Ordered Porous Arrays
Introduction
Micro/Nanostructured Ordered Pore Arrays Based on Solution-Dipping Strategy
Monolayer Ordered Pore Arrays
In Situ Solution-Dipping
Morphology and Structure
A Solvent Evaporation-Colloidal Sphere Deformation Model
Extensions of Solution-Dipping Strategy
Multilayer Ordered Pore Arrays
Direct Synthesis of Homopore Sized Porous Films on Any Surface
Multilayer Heteropore Sized Porous Films
Micro/Nanostructured Ordered Pore Arrays Based on Electrodeposition Strategy
Metal Micro/Nanostructured Ordered Through-Pore Arrays
Electrodeposition Strategy Based on PS Monolayer
Ordered Through-Pore Arrays
Molecule Adsorption and Interface- Weakening Model
Universality of the Strategy
Semiconductor Micro/Nanostructured Ordered Pore Arrays
Morphology and Structure
Oriented Substrate-Induced Oriented Growth
Other Materials
Hollow Sphere Array Films Based on Electrodeposition
Ni Hollow Sphere Arrays
Hierarchically Micro/Nanostructured Monolayer Hollow Sphere Arrays
Standing Ag Nanoplate-Built Hollow Microsphere Arrays
Micro/Nanostructured Ordered Pore Arrays Based on Other Routes
Micro/Nanostructured Porous Array Based on Electrophoretic Deposition
Strategy
Fabrication of Colloidal Solutions by Laser Ablation in Liquids
Morphology and Structure
Influence of Current and Substrate
Formation of Hollow Spheres
Universality of Strategy
Noble Metal 3D Micro/Nanostructured Films Based on Electrophoretic Deposition
Au/ZnO Micro/Nanorod Arrays by Electrophoresis in the Au Colloidal Solution
Au Nanochain-Built 3D Netlike Porous Films by Electrophoretic Deposition
Micro/Nanostructured Hollow Sphere Arrays Based on Gas-Phase Surface Sol-Gel Process
Brief Summary
References
Surface Wettability and Self-Cleaning Properties
Introduction
Tunable Wettability of Periodic ZnO Pore Array Films
Controllable Superhydrophobicity of In2O3 Ordered Pore Array Films
Irradiation-Induced Reversible Wettability of ZnO Pore Array Films
Superhydrophobicity of Silver Hierarchical Bowl-Like Arrays
Wettability of Silica Ordered Micro/Nanostructured Arrays
Micro/Nanostructured Ordered Pore Array
Ordered Nanopillar Arrays
Wettability of Hierarchical Micro/Nanocomposite Arrays
Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures on Microsized Polystyrene Spheres
One-Dimensional Nanostructures on Microsized Polystyrene Spheres
Superhydrophobic Surfaces on Curved Substrates
Superamphiphilicity of TiO2 Hierarchical Micro/ Nanorod Arrays without Ultraviolet Irradiation
Brief Summary and Remarks
References
Optical Properties and Devices
Introduction
Controlled Optical Property of Gold Nanoparticle Arrays
Terahertz Absorption Bands in Au/Polystyrene Sphere Arrays
Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance of Au Opening-Nanoshell Ordered Arrays
Arrays’ Structure and Tunable SPR
Dependence of SERS Effect on SPR
Photoluminescence Properties of Semiconductor Periodic Arrays
PL of Oriented ZnO Ordered Pore Arrays
PL of In2O3 Ordered Pore Arrays
Quasi-Photonic Crystal Properties of Monolayer Hollow Microsphere Array
Tunable Optical Transmission Stop Band
Equivalent Double-Layer Photonic Crystal Approximation
Optical Gas-Sensing Devices
Transmission Mode Wavemeter Devices Based on the Ordered Pore Arrays
Basic Equations
Optical Diffraction of the Ordered Pore Arrays
Resolution and Precision of Wavelength Measurement
Brief Summary
References
Gas-Sensing Devices and Structurally Enhanced Gas-Sensing Performances
Introduction
Gas Sensors Based on Homopore-Sized Porous Films
Construction of Sensing Device
Structure-Dependent Gas-Sensing Performance
Gas-Sensing Devices Based on Heteropore-Sized Porous Films
Gas-Sensing Devices
Gas-Sensing Performance with Both High Sensitivity and Fast Response
Pore Size-Dependent Gas-Sensing Performance and Diagram of tR versus S
Structurally Induced Controllability of Gas-Sensing Performances
Extension of the Strategy
Doping-Induced
Selectivity of Porous Films
High-Performance Gas-Sensing Devices Based on the Porous Films/MEMS Chip
Construction Strategy of the High-Performance Sensing Devices
Integrated Gas Sensors
Morphology and Microstructure
Power Consumption and Heating Homogeneity
High Gas-Sensing Performances
Response Time and Sensitivity
Lower Limit of Detection
Dependence of Sensitivity on Working Temperature
Durability and Stability of the MEMS-Based Sensing Devices
Brief Summary and Remarks
References
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Performances and Detection Applications
Introduction
Au Hierarchically Micro/Nanostructured Particle Arrays
Ag-Nanoparticle-Built Hollow Microsphere (Nanoshell) Arrays
Tunability of the LSPR and SERS Properties
Structural Parameter-Dependent Coupling Effects
Standing Ag-Nanoplate-Built Hollow Microsphere Arrays
SERS Activity of Ag-Nanoplate-Built Hollow Microsphere Arrays
Estimation of Enhancement Factor
Structurally Enhanced Effect
Practicability of the Array
Reproducibility of Measurements
Reusability as an SERS Substrate
Application in Trace Detection of Cyanide
Surface Cleaning of Substrate
Effect of Excited Power
Measurement Consistency of Parallel Substrates
Effect of Immersion Time
Trace Detection of Kalium Cyanide
Brief Summary
References
Index
Biography
Weiping Cai earned a B.Sc and M.Sc in materials science from Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China in 1982 and 1984, respectively. In 1997, he earned a Ph.D in materials science from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China. Since 1997, he has been a professor at the Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei. His research interests include micro/nanostructured patterns and detection devices, as well as micro/nanomaterials for environmental applications.
Guotao Duan earned a Ph.D from the Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei in 2007, and has continued to work there. From April 2009 to March 2010, he stepped away to do postdoctoral work at the National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan. His current research interests focus on micro/nanofabrication, ordered micro/nanostructured arrays, and micro/nanodevices.
Yue Li earned a Ph.D in condensed matter physics from the Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei in 2005. He later worked as a postdoctoral fellow and/or visiting scientist in the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan; and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany. Since 2011, he has served as a professor at the Institute of Solid State Physics, CAS. His research interests include the fabrications, applications, and devices of micro/nanostructured arrays based on colloidal monolayer template techniques.
"This text provides up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of common fabrications, properties, and applications of micro- and nanostructured materials. … There is a logical and smooth flow from topic to topic. … I am not aware of any other [books] that are comparable in scope. … This is an excellent addition to the Advances in Materials Science and Engineering series. With recent and ongoing advances in nanostructured materials processing and applications, this is certainly a timely and necessary addition."
—Rod Handy, Ph.D, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA"This book covers the breadth of hierarchical micro/nanostructured materials comprehensively from fabrication to practical applications. Various chemical fabrication techniques of hierarchical micro/nanostructured materials and their widespread possible applications such as catalysis, chemical/biological sensors, surface coating, and environmental remediation are presented with a focus on the authors’ leading-edge research results."
—Shinya Maenosono, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi