1st Edition
Intelligent Cities Enabling Tools and Technology
The emergence of highly promising and potent technologies has enabled the transition of ordinary objects into smart artifacts—providing wider connectivity of digitized entities that can facilitate the building of connected cities. This book provides readers with a solid foundation on the latest technologies and tools required to develop and enhance smart cities around the world.
The book begins by examining the rise of the cloud as the fundamental technology for establishing and sustaining smart cities and enterprises. Explaining the principal technologies and platform solutions for implementing intelligent cities, the book details the role of various technologies, standards, protocols, and tools in establishing flexible homes and the buildings of the future.
- Examines IT platforms and tools from various product vendors
- Considers service-oriented architecture and event-driven architecture for smart city applications
- Explains how to leverage big data analytics for smart city enhancement and improved decision making
- Includes case studies of intelligent cities, smart homes, buildings, transports, healthcare systems, and airports
The authors explore the convergence of cloud computing and enterprise architecture and present valuable information on next-generation cloud computing. They also cover the various architectural types, including enterprise-scale integration, security, management, and governance.
The book concludes by explaining the various security requirements of intelligent cities as well as the threats and vulnerabilities of the various components that form the basis of the intelligent city framework, including cloud, big data, Internet of Things, and mobile technologies.
Envisioning Intelligent Cities
Introduction
Unfolding the Smarter Planet Vision
The Need for Intelligent Cities
City-Specific Challenges
Trickling Urbanization Challenges
The Vast Potentials of Smart Cities
City Transformation Strategy
Infrastructure Optimization
System Infrastructure
The Adoption of Versatile Technologies
The Assimilation of Architectures
Services Are Everywhere
Devices Are Connected and Cyber-Enabled for People-Centric Services
Process Excellence
Make Sense Out of Data for Big Insights
The Key Trends in IT Toward Smart Cities
The Shift Toward People IT
The Era of Smart Computing
Smarter Environments
The Need for Cloud-Enablement
A Few Smart City Use Cases
Smart City Infrastructure and Platform Solutions
Smart City Infrastructures
Leading Smart City Platforms
The Context-Aware Framework for Smart CityApplications
Data Collection and Cleansing
Data Storage
Data Interpretation
Cloud-Based
Data Dissemination
Conclusion
References
Mobile Technologies and Applications for Intelligent Cities
Introduction
Evolution of Mobile Wireless Technologies
Mobile Application Development Platforms
Challenges of Intelligent Cities and Solutions Offered by Mobile Wireless Networks and Devices
Mobile Payments and Ticketing
Intelligent Energy Conservation Using Mobile Devices
Analysis and Commercial Insights
Drivers for Mobile BI Adoption
Key Trends in Mobile BI
Steps to Get Started with Mobile BI
Mobile Healthcare
Wireless Fleet Management
Enabling Mobile Technologies for an Intelligent City
Mobile Augmented Reality
Conclusion
References
The Role and Relevance of Software-Defined Cloud Infrastructures
Introduction
About Cloud Technology
Key Motivations for Cloud-Enabled Environments
Why Cloud Technology Is Being Aggressively Pursued by Worldwide Governments
A Look at Cloud-Inspired Enterprise Transformations
The Emergence of Cloud Environments
Energy Optimization
Cloud-Enabled and Hosted Smarter City Applications
A Cloud-Enabled Context-Aware Framework for Smarter Environments
A Sample Use Case
Cloud-Based Smarter Home Applications
Cloud-Enabled Smart Grids
A Cloud-Based Monitoring Framework for Smart Homes
Cloud-Inspired Smarter Healthcare Services
Sensor-Cloud Integration for Smarter Cities
Social and Sensor Data Fusion in Cloud
Integrating Sensors with Cloud Using Dynamic Proxies
The Next-Generation Hybrid Clouds
The Compelling Use Cases for Next-Generation Hybrid Clouds
Use Cases—Computation and Actionable Insights
Storage Use Cases
Data Dissemination
Software-Defined Infrastructures and Software-Defined Environments
Building Blocks of Software-Defined Data Centers
Software-Defined Networking
The Key Motivations for SDN
Tending Toward Network Virtualization
The Need of SDN for the Cloud
Software-Defined Storage
Cloud-Based Big Data Storage
Key Characteristics of Software-Defined Storage
Conclusion
References
Big Data Analytics for Real-Time City Insights
Introduction
Data Analytics and Intelligent Cities
The Prominent Sources of Big Data
Describing the Big Data World
Big Data Characteristics
A Perspective on Big Data Computing
Why Big Data Computing?
The Application Domains
Describing Big Data Analytics
The Big Trends of BDA
BDA Use Cases
Machine Data Analytics by Splunk®
Open Data for Next-Generation Cities
Edge Data for Cities of the Future
Edge Data for Smarter Cities
Edge Data for Smart Retailers
Edge Data for Smart Automobiles
Edge Data for Smart Manufacturing
Edge Data for Facilities and Asset Management
Integrated BDA Platforms
Software-Defined Infrastructures for BDA
Civitas: The Smart City Middleware
Hitachi Smart City Platform
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Application Coordination
BDA Frameworks and Infrastructure
Apache Hadoop Software Framework
NoSQL Databases
Conclusion
References
The Internet of Things for Connected and Cognitive Cities
Introduction
Envisioning the IoT Era
Emerging IoT Trends
Deeper Digitization Toward Smart Objects
The Growing Device Ecosystem
Software-Defined Cloud Infrastructures
Big Data Analytics
The IoT Reference Architecture
Smart City Communication Architecture
Network Architectures for IoT Applications
IP-Based Connectivity Models
Prominent IoT Technologies
The IoT: The Key Results
The Advantages of the IoT Concept for Smart Cities
The Co-Creation of IoT-Enabled Services for Smarter Cities
Examples of IoT-Inspired Services Co-Created and Tested
The Role of Advanced Sensing in Smart Cities
Sensors Everywhere and in Everything
Sensing as a Service for Cities of the Future
Popular IoT/M2M Applications
A Typical IoT Application
Health of Buildings
Smart Energy
Smart Healthcare
Smart Home Security
Smart Cargo Handling
Smart Traffic Management
Smart Inventory and Replenishment Management
Smart Cash Payment
Smart Tracking
Smart Displays
Smart Asset Management
Air Quality
Noise Monitoring
Traffic Congestion
Smart Parking
Cyber Physical System for Smart City Needs
CPS for Emergency Response
Smart City Platforms and Frameworks
A Communication Platform for Smart Cities
A Smart City M2M Platform
A Framework of Sensor-Cloud Integration
Homeland Security and the Sensor Cloud
Conclusion
References
Social Media Analytics for People Empowerment
Introduction
Building a Framework for the Use of Social Media Analytics for Business
Social Media Content Metrics
Different Dimensions of Social Media
Revenue and Sales Lead Generation
Customer Relationship and Customer
Innovation
Social Media Tools
Social Media Analytics Architecture for Intelligent Cities
Social Media Analytics for City Government
Design of an Architecture for Sentiment Analysis in Intelligent Cities
Use of IBM’s Social Sentiment Index to Identify the Factors Impacting People in Five Canadian Cities
Spain Uses Sentiment Analysis to Track and Improve Standards of City Services
Sentiment Analysis to Track the Mood of City Residents
FoodMood.in Uses Sentiment Analysis to Track Food Mood of Citizens
Smart Policing Using Sensors and Domain Awareness System
Case Study of Sentiment Analysis Implementation in an Intelligent City
Conclusion
References
Intelligent Cities: Strategy-Making and Governance
Introduction
IT Initiatives for Intelligent City Governance
IT-Enabled City Strategies
E-Government
Key Challenges for E-Government
IT-Enabled Social Initiatives
Urban Action Forums
Ubiquitous or Intelligent City
Ubiquitous Connectivity
Omnipresent Devices
Collaboration Platforms
Cloud Computing
Open Standards and Service-Oriented Architecture
Geospatial Platforms
Neogeography in U-Cities
Internet of Things
Advanced Analytics
Open Access to Public Data
Digitally Controlled Devices
Social Media Networking
Strategic Governance Framework for the Implementation of U-Cities
City Objectives
City Indicators
City Components
City Content
Conclusion
References
Smart Homes and Buildings
Introduction
Elucidating Technological Advancements
Key Drivers for Smarter Homes and Buildings
Prominent Use Cases of Smarter Homes and Buildings
Smarter Homes and Building Elements
Envisioning Smarter Homes and Buildings: The Role of the Cloud Theme
Smarter Environments Are Instrumented, Interconnected, and Intelligent
Smarter Home/Building Capabilities
Smarter Home/Building Services in Clouds
Benefits of Cloud-Enabled Smarter Homes
Envisioning Service Delivery Platforms
Building Management System
IP-Based Convergence of Building Systems
Smarter Homes: Architectural Styles, Patterns, and Approaches
Smarter Homes—Middleware Platforms
Smarter Home Frameworks
Home Integration Standards: Industry Strength and Proprietary
Conclusion
Appendix
Smart Home Solutions
References
Smart Energy, Utility, and Transport
Introduction
Smart Energy
Smart Grids
Energy Harvesting
The Need for Big Data Analytics for Smarter Grids
Envisioned Energy Grid Services for Smart Cities
Smart Lighting
Smart Lighting Approaches
Wireless Lighting Control Systems
Smart Transport
Electric Vehicles
Smarter Vehicles
Technological Implications for Vehicles
Vehicle Connectivity Platforms, Tools, and Applications
Use Cases of Technology-Inspired Vehicles
An Assortment of Vehicle-Centric Applications
Approaches for Smarter Transportation
Predict Demand and Optimizing Capacity, Assets, and Infrastructure
Improve the End-to-End Experience for Travelers
Increase Operational Efficiency While Reducing the Environmental Impact
Ensure Safety and Security
Intelligent Transport Systems
Smart Utilities
Smart Metering
Conclusion
References
Intelligent Airports
Introduction
Inadequate Capacity
Dissatisfied Passengers
Increased Regulatory Requirements
Evolution of Airport Infrastructure
Airport 1.0
Airport 2.0
Personal Technology/Processes
Technology/Processes to Streamline the Passenger Journey
Technology/Processes to Enhance Passenger Experience
Processes for Increased Leisure Experience
IT for the Benefits of Passengers
Envisioning Airports of the Future (Airport 3.0)
Conceptual Models
Infrastructure Models
Revenue-Generating Models
Public–Private Partnerships
Technological Models
Conclusion
References
Next-Generation Healthcare Systems
Introduction
Cloud Services in the Healthcare Sector
Electronic Storage of Medical Records
Office Productivity Solutions
Health Information Exchange
Collaboration Solution for Physicians
Clinical Information System
Big Data Analytics in Healthcare Sector
Support Research in Genomics and Other Healthcare Projects
Transform Data from Information
Supporting Self-Care
Support for Providers
Increase Awareness
Pool Data to Build a Better Ecosystem
Conclusion
Reference
Security Management of Intelligent Cities
Introduction
Security Requirements of an Intelligent City
Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability Triad
Authentication, Authorization, and Audit Trial Framework
Defense-In-Depth
Trusted Computing Base
Encryption
Security Concerns of Cloud Platforms
Virtual Machine Segmentation
Database Segmentation
VM Introspection
Distributed Denial of Service
Hypervisor-Based Security Threats
Unauthorized Alteration of VM Image Files
VM Theft
Inter-VM Attacks
Instant-On Gaps
Hyperjacking
Security Threats to Big Data
Distributed Programming Frameworks
Use of NoSQL Databases
Storage Tiering
Data Source Validation
Privacy Concerns
Requirements of the Security Management Framework for Big Data
Agile Scale-Out Infrastructure
Security Analytics
Threat Monitoring and Intelligence
Security Threats in Smart Phones
Security Solutions for Mobile Devices
Security Concerns in the Internet of Things Platform
Security Measures for IoT Platforms/Devices
Secure Booting
Mandatory Access Control Mechanisms
Device Authentication for Networks
Device-Specific Firewalls
Controlled Mechanism to Ensure Application of Security Patches and Upgrades
Security Threats to Different IT-Based Infrastructure Components of an Intelligent City
Security Threats in Intelligent Transportation Systems
Security Threats in Intelligent/Smart Grids and Other Infrastructure Components of an Intelligent City
Best Practices to Be Adopted for a Secure Intelligent City
Conclusion
References
Index
Biography
Pethuru Raj PhD has been working as a cloud infrastructure architect in the IBM Global Cloud Center of Excellence, IBM India Bangalore. Previously he worked as TOGAF-certified enterprise architecture consultant in Wipro Consulting Services Division, Bangalore. He also had a fruitful stint as a lead architect in the corporate research division of Robert Bosch, India. He has gained thirteen years of IT industry experience.
Dr. Raj finished the CSIR-sponsored PhD degree in Anna University, Chennai, and continued the UGC-sponsored postdoctoral research in the department of Computer Science and Automation, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore until 1999. Thereafter, he was granted a couple of international research fellowships (JSPS and JST) to work as a research scientist for three years in two leading Japanese universities. His technical competencies lie in service oriented architecture, cloud computing, enterprise architecture, context-aware computing and machine-to-machine integration, Big Data Analytics, Smart Cities, and business integration methods.
He has contributed book chapters for a number of high-quality technology books edited by internationally acclaimed professors and professionals. The CRC Press, USA, released his first book titled Cloud Enterprise Architecture in 2012. He has edited a book on the title Cloud Infrastructures for Big Data Analytics. He maintains an Information Technology (IT) portal at www.peterindia.net
Anupama Raman is currently working as Content Lead for Smart Cities Brand of IBM and she is a part of Software group, Industry Solutions of IBM India. Prior to this, she was working with EMC Data Storage. She is a certified Storage Area Networking expert and is also a certified Data Center Architect. She is also certified in Cloud infrastructure and Services Management. Apart from these technical certifications, in the field of writing. She is a certified Information mapping professional and in the field of project management, she is a certified Scrum master. She holds an M.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering and is currently pursuing an MBA in IT Management. She has presented and published over twenty research papers in various national and international conferences and she has also written numerous book chapters with various national and international publishers.
In this book, the authors have presented a large number of right and relevant details on realizing and sustaining intelligent cities (the system of systems) across the world. ... this book will be informative and inspiring for readers, especially business executives, technical experts, solution architects, city planners and consultants, and government officials. The book has been designed and developed to be comprehensive and compact in explaining the nitty-gritty of promising smart city technologies, IT solutions, and use cases.
—Sandesh Bhat, Vice President, India Software Labs, IBM